Genetic polymorphisms refer to variations in the DNA sequence of a gene that exist within a population. These variations can be caused by single nucleotide changes, insertions or deletions of stretches of DNA, or rearrangements of whole chromosomes. Some genetic polymorphisms have been associated with specific traits or disorders, while others are considered neutral and have no apparent effect on an individual's phenotype. Genetic polymorphisms play a key role in determining individual differences in susceptibility to diseases, response to drugs, and other biological traits. Studying genetic polymorphisms can help researchers understand the genetic basis of various diseases and develop personalized medicine approaches tailored to an individual's genetic makeup.